Unix System Programming with Standard ML by Anthony L. Shipman

By Anthony L. Shipman

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This is called the tail call optimisation. Here is the same function in SML taking care to use tail recursion. fun sumlist the_list = let fun loop [] sum = sum | loop (v::rest) sum = loop rest (sum+v) in loop the_list 0 end The first argument to the loop function is the remainder of the list to be counted. The sum variable accumulates the result. The initial call to loop supplies initial values for these variables. Each subsequent call to the function passes updated values for these variables. When the remainder of the list is empty then the value of the sum variable is the number of list elements.

The sum variable accumulates the result. The initial call to loop supplies initial values for these variables. Each subsequent call to the function passes updated values for these variables. When the remainder of the list is empty then the value of the sum variable is the number of list elements. Figure 2-3 shows the function calls in a data flow diagram. Figure 2-3. Tail Recursion as Data Flow Each iteration of the loop function is an operation that shortens the list by one and increments the sum.

The designers of foldl judged that you are more likely to want to apply the same function to a variety of lists than apply a variety of functions to a particular list. You can think of the first arguments as customisation arguments so that foldl (op +) 0 customises foldl to 42 Chapter 2. Hello World sum lists as opposed to foldl (op *) 1 which multiplies list elements together. Tail Recursion for Finite State Machines A finite state machine, or FSM, is a common design technique for describing repetitive behaviour.

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