By Christine B. Chung MD, Lynne S. Steinbach MD
MRI of the higher Extremity is an entire consultant to MRI evaluate of shoulder, elbow, wrist, hand, and finger problems. This hugely illustrated text/atlas provides a pragmatic method of MRI interpretation, emphasizing the scientific correlations of imaging findings. greater than 1,100 MRI scans express general anatomy and pathologic findings, and a full-color cadaveric atlas familiarizes readers with anatomic constructions visible on MR images.
Coverage of every joint starts off with a assessment of MRI anatomy with cadaveric correlation and proceeds to technical MR imaging issues and medical overview. next chapters completely describe and illustrate MRI findings for particular problems, together with rotator cuff sickness, nerve entrapment syndromes, osteochondral our bodies, and triangular fibrocartilage disorders.
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MRI of the Upper Extremity: Shoulder, Elbow, Wrist and Hand
MRI of the higher Extremity is a whole advisor to MRI overview of shoulder, elbow, wrist, hand, and finger issues. This hugely illustrated text/atlas offers a realistic method of MRI interpretation, emphasizing the scientific correlations of imaging findings. greater than 1,100 MRI scans express basic anatomy and pathologic findings, and a full-color cadaveric atlas familiarizes readers with anatomic buildings visible on MR photos.
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Extra resources for MRI of the Upper Extremity: Shoulder, Elbow, Wrist and Hand
Sample text
Now consider what happens when we image an ‘object’ comprised of the two square blocks ‘x’ and ‘y’ in Fig. 3. For each discrete recording (pixel) the imaging system measures the average signal intensity in a local region. In each local region the various signals from the parts of the object, and from any background present all add up. There are no negative signals. Where there Fig. 3 A 1D representation of the relationship between spatial resolution, noise, and contrast. Profiles a–f represent 1D images of a simple object that emits energy from two spatially distinct regions x and y.
These thermograms have gained limited clinical acceptance for detection of breast cancer. 3 Visible Light Going up the energy scale, at the next medically important EM radiation energy level, the surface of tissue is irradiated with visible light and we measure the photons reflected – this is just photography optimized for medicine. It is called dermoscopy when examining the skin, and endoscopy when looking inside the body. Visible light photons, like RF photons, have negligible effect on the physiology or structure of the body, but they are strongly absorbed and converted into the thermal energy of molecular vibrations.
Storing data in a large file with a high bit depth does not mean the recorded measurements are accurate. Nor does it guarantee that they are precise. A noisy or unstable imaging system will not be precise, and an uncalibrated system will not be accurate. Precision and accuracy are two distinct properties of measurement. Have a look at Appendix B if you are unsure of the difference. By data accuracy we mean how well does recorded intensity information, whether relative contrast or an absolute measurement with specific units, reflect the actual physical properties of the imaged object.