By Kevin J. Yarema
The instruction manual of Carbohydrate Engineering offers an outline of the elemental technology, concept, equipment, and purposes of this wide, interdisciplinary box. The textual content presents history info in addition to sensible wisdom for present and destiny examine methodologies utilized in the characterization and synthesis of assorted carbohydrates. This multidisciplinary viewpoint consists of points of easy biology, artificial chemistry, enzymology, complicated instrumentation, and complicated modeling.
The publication provides the basics of carbohydrate engineering, addressing options in constitution, biosynthesis, and organic features for various carbohydrates with a specific emphasis on mammalian glycoproteins and their N-linked oligosaccharides, glycolipids, sialic acid, in addition to polysaccharides from either eukaryotes and micro organism. It describes glycosylation strategies present in nature and surveys the right way to control those metabolic platforms in dwelling cells either for the enhanced creation of carbohydrates and to offer those molecules novel homes. next sections speak about a number of the tools of purification, synthesis, amendment, and research used to create and control carbohydrates within the laboratory; those ways contain chemical-enzymatic synthesis, small-molecule cell-based thoughts, in addition to whole chemical synthesis.
The guide of Carbohydrate Engineering additionally specializes in sensible functions for carbohydrates. It emphasizes how you can represent glycosylation pathways and expounds upon the position of carbohydrates in well-being and ailment, an important - and swiftly becoming - region of analysis. World-renowned specialists speak about biomedical functions, together with the improvement of vaccines, therapeutics, glycomimetics, antibody engineering, drug supply, tissue engineering and organ regeneration, and diagnostic brokers. a number of chapters additionally hide very important functions in agriculture, undefined, meals know-how, and environmental remediation.
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Extra resources for Handbook of Carbohydrate Engineering
Sample text
4 Structure, biosynthesis, and recycling of nucleotide sugar donors. The structure of UDP-linked nucleotide sugar donors is represented by UDP-GlcNAc (A), CMPNeu5Ac shows the structure of CMP-linked sialic acids (B), and GDP-Man represents GDP-linked nucleotide sugar donors (C). The formation of a nucleotide sugar donor is illustrated by the condensation of GTP and Man-1P to form GDP-Man (Step 1); the mannose residue is added to a growing oligosaccharide chain of a glycoprotein or glycolipid (Step 2); additional sugar residues may then be added to the growing saccharide chain (Step 3) followed by its ultimate display on the cell surface or secretion (Step 4).
A fatty acid is then added to the inositol ring and three mannose residues are transferred to the elongating GPI core followed by the transfer of ethanolamine phosphates to the mannose residues.
181,182 Nucleotide sugars cannot freely diffuse across the membranes of these organelles making it necessary to translocate the sugar donors from the cytosol with the aid of membrane proteins. More specifically, the SLC35 nucleotide sugar transporter family, consisting of at least 17 members, is responsible for this task. In the past, it has been assumed that there is a specific transporter for each sugar but this simplified view is proving incorrect as evidence accumulates that certain transporters accept multiple substrates; conversely, sugars such as UDP-GlcNAc are transported by multiple transporters.