By Sami Matar Ph.D., Lewis F. Hatch Ph.D.
In Chemistry of Petrochemical strategies, readers discover a convenient and worthy resource of knowledge containing insights into petrochemical reactions and items, method know-how, and polymer synthesis. The e-book experiences and describes the reactions and methods interested in reworking petroleum-based hydrocarbons into the chemical compounds that shape the root of the multi-billion greenback petrochemical undefined. furthermore, the ebook contains details on new procedure advancements for the creation of uncooked fabrics and intermediates for petrochemicals that experience surfaced because the book's first version. presents a brief knowing of the chemical reactions linked to oil and gasoline processing comprises insights into petrochemical reactions and items, approach know-how, and polymer synthesis
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Extra info for Chemistry of Petrochemical Processes
Example text
Aromatic hydrocarbons are susceptible, however, to electrophilic substitution reactions in presence of a catalyst. Aromatic hydrocarbons are generally nonpolar. They are not soluble in water, but they dissolve in organic solvents such as hexane, diethyl ether, and carbon tetrachloride. EXTRACTION OF AROMATICS Benzene, toluene, xylenes (BTX), and ethylbenzene are obtained mainly from the catalytic reforming of heavy naphtha. The product reformate is rich in C6, C7, and C8 aromatics, which could be extracted by a suitable solvent such as sulfolane or ethylene glycol.
S. S. shale deposits. Retorting is a process used to convert the shale to a high molecularweight oily material. In this process, crushed shale is heated to high temperatures to pyrolyze Kerogen. The product oil is a viscous, highmolecular weight material. Further processing is required to change the oil into a liquid fuel. Major obstacles to large-scale production are the disposal of the spent shale and the vast earth-moving operations. Table 1-7 is a typical analysis of a raw shale oil produced from retorting oil shale.
Recovering the bitumen is not easy, and the deposits are either stripmined if they are near the surface, or recovered in situ if they are in deeper beds. The bitumen could be extracted by using hot water and steam and adding some alkali to disperse it. 05 g/cm 3. It is then subjected to a cracking process to produce distillate fuels and coke. The distillates are hydrotreated to saturate olefinic components. Table 1-8 is a typical analysis of Athabasca bitumen. 25 GAS HYDRATES Gas hydrates are an ice-like material which is constituted of methane molecules encaged in a cluster of water molecules and held together by hydrogen bonds.