By Richard Cotton
The way to practice facts research with the R language and software program setting, no matter if you've gotten very little programming event. With the tutorials during this hands-on consultant, you will how you can use the fundamental R instruments you must recognize to research facts, together with information kinds and programming suggestions. the second one 1/2 studying R exhibits you actual information research in motion through masking every little thing from uploading info to publishing your effects. every one bankruptcy within the ebook features a quiz on what you might have realized, and concludes with workouts, so much of which contain writing R code.
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Additional resources for Learning R: A Step-by-Step Function Guide to Data Analysis
Example text
Int lets us create a sequence from one number to another. 01 seq_len creates a sequence from 1 up to its input, so seq_len(5) is just a clunkier way of writing 1:5. However, the function is extremely useful for situations when its input could be zero: n <- 0 1:n #not what you might expect! int, seq_len, or seq_along with plain seq and get the same answer, though there is no need to do so. info | 41 Lengths I’ve just sneakily introduced a new concept related to vectors. That is, all vectors have a length, which tells us how many elements they contain.
Notice that when you assign a variable, you don’t see the value that has been given to it. info x ## [1] 1 2 3 4 5 Under some systems, for example running R from a Linux terminal, you may have to explicitly call the print function to see the value. In this case, type print(x). If you want to assign a value and print it all in one line, you have two possibilities. Firstly, you can put multiple statements on one line by separating them with a semicolon, ;. Secondly, you can wrap the assignment in parentheses, ().
3163 Special Numbers To help with arithmetic, R supports four special numeric values: Inf, -Inf, NaN, and NA. The first two are, of course, positive and negative infinity, but the second pair need a little more explanation. NaN is short for “not-a-number,” and means that our calculation either didn’t make mathematical sense or could not be performed properly. NA is short for “not available” and represents a missing value—a problem all too common in data analysis. In general, if our calculation involves a missing value, then the results will also be missing: c(Inf + 1, Inf - 1, Inf - Inf) ## [1] Inf Inf NaN c(1 / Inf, Inf / 1, Inf / Inf) ## [1] 0 Inf NaN c(sqrt(Inf), sin(Inf)) ## Warning: NaNs produced ## [1] Inf NaN c(log(Inf), log(Inf, base = Inf)) 2.