By Teoh Swee Hin
The good fortune of any implant or clinical gadget relies greatly at the biomaterial used. artificial fabrics (such as metals, polymers and composites) have made major contributions to many tested clinical units. the purpose of this ebook is to supply a uncomplicated realizing at the engineering and processing elements of biomaterials utilized in clinical functions. Of paramount value is the tripartite courting among fabric homes, processing tools and layout. because the objective audiences disguise a large interdisciplinary box, every one bankruptcy is written with an in depth historical past in order that viewers of one other self-discipline should be capable of comprehend. For the extra a professional reader, a close record of references is incorporated.
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Extra info for Engineering Materials for Biomedical Applications
Example text
Toxicity of a chemical to the human body is classified into two types: local and whole. Acute toxicity and chronic toxicity exist for both. Acute toxicity includes inflammation, ocular and skin irritations, clots formation, necrosis, and allergy. Chronic toxicity includes carcinogenicity, calcification, granulation, teratogenicity, and immunotoxicity. In toxicity, a preceding stage exists prior to the final stage which can be organ disorder or death due to the released metal ions and debris. For example, cancer progresses as follows: metal ions released inside a living body, absorption, distribution, metabolism, molecular initiation, cancerous cells, cancerous organ, and organism response.
Martensite transformation does not accompany macroscopically plastic deformation. The transformation starts at martensite transformation starting temperature (Ms) and grows gradually with decrease of temperature. The Ms of Ni-Tii alloys is between -130°C and 60°C. The temperature generally decreases with increase of nickel content. Martensite transformation also grows gradually by applying stress. To return a martensite-transformed structure to its original structure, heat is to be applied or stress be removed as the lattice reverse-shifts against that of martensite transformation.
H . Teoh categories: chemical and mechanical. When metallic materials are implanted inside the human body they may corrode and wear out, releasing ions and debris which have toxic effects on tissues and organs. From the chemical perspective, toxicity of a metallic biomaterial depends on the kind, amount, and chemical state of metallic elements released from the metallic material [2,33,34,35,36,37]. As for toxicity from the mechanical perspective, mechanical stress is applied upon bones because the Young’s moduli of metallic biomaterials are five to 10 times higher than that of the bone.